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History...
Anchors,
mooring gears...
now and then... |
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Anchors |
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Click for enlargement |
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Every Admiralty kept a model room stocked with ship models,
various scale models, and miniature pattern anchors from the
anchor yard. The Age of Sail knew many dangers and ships
often depended on their Admiralty
pattern
to save them from disaster. It is not surprising that the Old
World symbol for 'Hope' is an old fashioned anchor! The
Anchor is emblematic of the hope and glory of the souls.
The golden or precious Anchor by which we be kept steadfast in
faith and encouraged to abide in our proper station amidst the
storm of temptation, affliction and persecution.
Safely
Home
After a voyage of a year or more to ports across
the Seven
Seas. Happiness and gratitude. A family reunited.
That was the life of the windjammer sailor. Safely at
anchor. Hanging next to the front door. To announce
a welcome to friends and kin, an age-old custom in the old ports hugging
the shoreline of the
North Sea.
The
Anchor; the Symbol for Hope and Safe Arrival.
It has always been considered as
the most important gear
onboard! |
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The History
of anchors and
mooring gears from
the first anchor used till present time.
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1. |
STONE, (one piece, no bill, stone).
Man's first "anchor." |
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2. |
KILLICKS, (one piece, 4 bills, stone & wood).
2200 BC, also used by the technically advanced
Egyptians,
is still used. |
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3. |
EAST Indian, (one piece, 1 bill, stone & wood).
2000 BC, first true anchor with functional shape. |
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4. |
CHINESE, (one piece, 1 bill, stone & wood).
2000 BC, developed by the Chinese. |
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5. |
EGYPTIAN, (one piece, rock).
1400 BC, in King Tout's grave was found a T-Shaped
rock anchor. |
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1000 BC, Homeric poems still specify
"anchors of stone." |
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6. |
GREEK OLD FASHION, (two piece, 2 bills, bronze).
800 BC, a two-armed
hooks, cast in bronze were found on the island of Malta. |
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650 BC, a Sardinian scarab shows a
two-armed stockless anchor,
which was probably the first
anchor made of iron. |
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500 BC,
a Greek writer mention "stone anchors with iron
hooks." |
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375 BC,
an anchor shown on a Greek coin,
includes the essentials of an
Admiralty anchor, except palms. |
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312 BC,
a Syrian coin showed an anchor
that is even more modern in
appearance. |
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300 BC,
vessels of the Athenian navy were equipped
with iron anchors
weighing up to 440 pounds. |
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Year 0000 |
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7. |
COMMEN, (two piece, 2 bills, materials as below).
40 AD, iron tipped oak anchor with a heavy led stock and
the first all iron anchor were found when Lake Nemi
outside Rome, Italy were drained 1929. |
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500 AD, first short anchor chain used by the Britons |
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573 AD, first forged iron anchor in England |
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8. |
GRAPNEL, (one piece, 5 bills, iron).
800 AD. Used by the Vikings and as land
anchor, climbing fortress walls etc. |
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Year 1000 |
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9. |
STOCK, (one piece, 2 bills, iron).
1500 first seen. Standard anchor on
U.S. navy boats until 1860. |
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16th
century, Sir Walter Raleigh, first time mentioned
about use of
a capstan and value of scope |
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1723,
first public exposition of the science and
art of anchor
construction by Reaumur in France. |
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1804
first time used Iron stock on an anchor. |
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1809
manufacture of first modern chain |
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10. |
PORTER, (two piece, 1 bills, forged iron).
1818 first time used by Lieut. Belcher and later
Patented 1838 by Porter (GB). |
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11. |
STOCKLESS
- PATENT, (two piece, 2 bills, cast iron).
1821 Patented by Hawkins, GB. First modern anchor
since 600 BC. |
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12. |
WISHBONE, (two piece, 1 bill, forged iron).
1822 Patented by Piper, GB. |
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13. |
MUSHROOM, (one piece, no bill, iron & led).
1859 first time used. A better permanent
mooring system then boat anchor. |
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1885
Baxter stored a stockless anchor
for the first time in a hawse
pipe. |
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Baldt,
(two piece, 2 bills, welded steel).
1896 Fredrick Baldt developed the Stockless Anchor. |
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Year 1900 |
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14. |
Umbrella Grapnel,
(six piece, 4 bills, cast iron). |
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15. |
DORMOR,
(one piece, no bill, cast iron).
Permanent mooring system. |
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16. |
NORTHILL,
(three piece, 2 bills, cast iron).
A modern kedge, based on the Chinese type from 2000 BC. |
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17. |
CQR,
(two piece, 1 bill, cast, forged &
welded steel).
1933
Patented by G.I.Taylor, GB. |
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18. |
Barnacle, (two
piece, 2 bills, cast steel).
1937 by USCG Capt. James Taylor, St. Thomas, USA. |
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19. |
DANFORTH, (two
piece, 2 bills, welded steel).
1939 by R.D. Ogg & R.S. Danforth, USA.
(A large veraiety of Danforth
copies, Danforth idea and copies, as FOBO, Viking,
Fortress,
Horizon Fluke, Hooker, West Marine.. See below. |
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20. |
FOBO,
(two piece, 2 bills, welded iron).
A common anchor in France! |
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Year 1950 |
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21. |
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22. |
Sea-Anchor,
(parachute, nylon).
Drift anchor on open sea. |
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23. |
Helix, (three
piece, screw, welded steel).
Permanent mooring system screwed into the bottom. |
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24. |
P-Ring,
(one piece, welded steel).
Permanent mooring system in muddy bottoms. |
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25. |
Viking, (two
piece, 2 bills, welded aluminum).
Danforth idea, see above. |
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26. |
SOC,
(two piece, 1 bill, cast, forged &
welded steel).
CQR copy and idea, see above. |
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27. |
BRUCE, (one piece, 1 bill, cast steel).
1971
Patented by Peter Bruce, GB. |
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28. |
DELTA, (one
piece, 1 bill, welded steel).
1988 a modern version of the CQR, GB. |
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29. |
Sea-Grip,
(three
piece, 2 bills, welded steel).
Pe |
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30. |
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31. |
Fortress,
(two piece, 2 bills, welded aluminum).
Danforth idea, see above. See #19. |
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32. |
Horizon
Fluke,
(two piece, 2 bills, welded aluminum).
Danforth idea, see above. See #19. |
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33. |
Hooker,
(two piece, 2 bills, welded aluminum).
Danforth idea, see above. See #19. |
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34. |
West
Marine,
(two piece, 2 bills, welded aluminum).
Danforth idea, see above. See #19. |
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35. |
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36. |
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37. |
A large veraiety of Danforth
copies,
(two piece, 2 bills).
Danforth idea and copies, as FOBO, Viking, Fortress, Horizon Fluke,
Hooker, West Marine... |
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38. |
MAX,
(two piece, 3 bills, welded iron).
1990. |
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39. |
Quick-Set,
(one
piece, 1 bill, welded steel).
Copy and idea of Delta, see above. |
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40. |
HANS
"STEALTH",
(two piece, 1 bill
(alternating), welded steel).
Patented 1991 by Hans Claesson, Sweden. High-Tec
"Stealth"- design, the first anchor that compresses softer bottom materials between the
flukes to generate high holding power. |
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41. |
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42. |
Powerpointe,
(two piece, 1 bills, welded iron).
Land anchor to be used on sandy beaches. |
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43. |
Claw,
(one piece, 1 bill, cast steel).
Pirate Copy of the Bruce anchor, see above. |
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Year 2000 |
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44. |
Bulwagga,
(two piece, 1 bills, welded iron).
Land anchor to be used on sandy beaches. |
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45. |
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46. |
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47. |
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48. |
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49. |
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50. |
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51. |
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52. |
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53. |
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(More anchors
& museums will
be entered)
Museums:
Museums showing extensive
collections of maritime artifacts:
- The Mariners Museum in
Newport News, Virginia
- The Navy Museum,
Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C.
- U.S. Merchant Marine Museum, Anderson, Indiana
- Ft. Eustis, U.S. Army Transportation Museum, Virginia
- Sjöfarts Museumet, Göteborg, Sweden
........ has many fine exhibits. |
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